The commission was composed of eight Republicans and seven Democrats, so it was no surprise that it decided in favor of Hayes by an vote, handing the final electoral tally to Hayes by a count. The result was contentious, and to avoid fueling any burning flames of resentment, Hayes secretly took the oath of office on Saturday, March 3, , in the Red Room of the White House.
Hayes was the first president to take the oath in the White House; he was also the first president to have a typewriter and a telephone there.
This was a blow to any equal-rights strides made since the Civil War, but Hayes subsequently spent a good deal of effort fighting on behalf of civil-rights laws aimed at protecting Black Americans.
Hayes next turned his attention toward revamping the civil-service process, which had awarded political loyalty in its appointments instead of merit. While he fought the good fight on the issue, results would not be seen until years later, when changes Hayes had proposed were implemented via the Pendleton Act, which mandated the civil service exam under the presidency of Chester A. Hayes deployed federal troops to quell ensuing riots, and in the end the workers returned to their posts with the pay cuts still in force—a victory for the railroads.
Inside the White House, a distinguishing feature emerged from first lady Lucy Hayes: an alcohol-free policy. Adhering to his pledge of serving only one presidential term, Hayes retired to Fremont, Ohio, in Hayes and his wife Lucy were the parents of eight children. He died in , four years after his wife. We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! Subscribe to the Biography newsletter to receive stories about the people who shaped our world and the stories that shaped their lives.
Lyndon B. Johnson was elected vice president of the United States in and became the 36th president in , following the assassination of John F. James Garfield is best known as the 20th president of the United States. Du Bois In , Hayes became the first president of the newly reorganized National Prison Reform Association.
For nearly 10 years, he traveled around the country speaking on policy reform topics. In January , while on business in Cleveland, Hayes fell ill. The ex-president sent for his son Webb C. Hayes to escort him back home to Fremont, where he died of heart failure at age 70 on January 17, three-and-a-half years after the death of his wife.
Start your free trial today. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Lyndon B. Johnson was the 36th president of the United States and was sworn into office following the November assassination of President John F.
Upon taking office, Johnson, also known as LBJ, launched an ambitious slate of progressive reforms aimed at creating a Hayes, the 19th president of the United States.
The well-educated Lucy was the first first lady to have graduated from college, receiving her degree from Wesleyan Female College. James Garfield was sworn in as the 20th U. Born in an William McKinley served in the U. Congress and as governor of Ohio before running for the presidency in As a longtime champion of protective tariffs, the Republican McKinley ran on a platform of promoting American prosperity and won a landslide victory over Democrat Chester Arthur , the 21st U.
As president from to , Arthur advocated for civil service reform. A Vermont native, he became active in Republican politics in the s as a New While his support for protective tariffs led to rising prices for consumers and arguably paved John Bell Hood was a U. A graduate of West Point, Hood joined the Confederacy in and gained a reputation as a talented field commander during the Peninsula Campaign and the Second Battle Susan B.
The 29th U. Live TV. This Day In History. History Vault. A Controversial Presidential Election At the Republican national nominating convention in , the party was split between one faction who supported a third term for President Ulysses S.
Below is an abbreviated outline of Hayes' professional and political career: [1]. Hayes' father died 10 weeks before Hayes was born. In , he enrolled in Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio. He graduated summa cum laude from Kenyon in He enrolled in Harvard Law School in He earned a law degree from Harvard in From to , Hayes practiced law in what is now Fremont, Ohio. Beginning in , he practiced law in Cincinnati, Ohio.
In , he served as a delegate to the state Republican convention and campaigned for John C. Fremont, the Republicans' candidate for president in In , he was appointed by the Cincinnati City Council to serve as city solicitor following the death of that office's incumbent. He was elected to a full term as city solicitor in In , he was defeated in his bid for re-election. He served through the war's conclusion in , achieving the rank of Brevet Major General of Volunteers.
In , Hayes was elected to serve in the U. House of Representatives as the representative for Ohio's 2nd Congressional District. He assumed office in December He was re-elected to a second term in , but he resigned in July to pursue the governorship of Ohio. He was elected and served two terms as governor, from to In , he lost the election for his old seat in the U.
In , he was elected governor of Ohio for the third time. On June 14, , the Republican Party selected Hayes as the party's nominee for the presidency. On November 7, , Democratic presidential candidate Samuel J. Tilden won the popular vote for the presidency but failed to win the requisite electoral votes.
Tilden had won votes to Hayes' , with 20 votes unresolved. On January 26, , the United States Congress approved the Electoral Count Act, which established an electoral commission to determine how to tally the disputed electoral votes. During his first year in office, Hayes ordered that federal troops be withdrawn from Louisiana and South Carolina, the final two former Confederate states subject to military occupation at the time Hayes assumed office.
The withdrawal of federal troops from Louisiana and South Carolina effectively ended the Reconstruction Era, which had commenced at the conclusion of the Civil War in In the summer of , a series of railroad worker strikes occurred, starting on July 17, , in Martinsburg, West Virginia.
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