For example, in both brains many of the chemicals that the neurons use to communicate—called neurotransmitters—have the same jobs. But the mental effect of these drugs does differ in one huge way.
This is because human brains have a pleasure-causing reward system which is unlike anything found in the head of a bug—and is based around a neurotransmitter called dopamine. This dopamine rush is what causes the pleasurable effect of these drugs—which can range from a perky disposition caffeine to gripping euphoria cocaine —and is also what makes these drugs so addictive.
But bugs just feel crazed or twitchy, without the pleasure. Food scientists have created new probiotic coffee and tea drinks that are packed with over 1 billion units of gut-friendly live probiotics. Pregnant rats given caffeine had And researchers Spiders' Web Secrets Unraveled. Using a novel technique, researchers have been able These marine invertebrates tend to move slowly and Kumar, S.
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United Nations. Vandegehuchte, M. At the same time, the drug also releases dopamine, the reward neurotransmitter. In this way Chantix dampens nicotine withdrawal symptoms and cravings. In many cases, people are able to get past the physical dependence, allowing them to quit smoking at least temporarily. In the long run, however, the psychological enjoyment of smoking may lead to relapse.
Cocaine is an addictive drug obtained from the leaves of the coca plant Figure 6. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it was a primary constituent in many popular tonics and elixirs and, although it was removed in , was one of the original ingredients in Coca-Cola.
Today cocaine is taken illegally as a recreational drug. Cocaine has a variety of adverse effects on the body. It constricts blood vessels, dilates pupils, and increases body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. It can cause headaches, abdominal pain, and nausea. Since cocaine also tends to decrease appetite, chronic users may become malnourished. The faster the drug is absorbed into the bloodstream and delivered to the brain, the more intense the high. Injecting or smoking cocaine produces a faster, stronger high than snorting it.
However, the faster the drug is absorbed, the faster the effects subside. In order to sustain the high, the user must administer the drug again, which may lead to frequent use, often in higher doses, over a short period of time National Institute on Drug Abuse, a. Cocaine has a safety ratio of 15, making it a very dangerous recreational drug. An amphetamine is a stimulant that produces increased wakefulness and focus, along with decreased fatigue and appetite. Amphetamines are used in prescription medications to treat attention deficit disorder ADD and narcolepsy, and to control appetite.
Some brand names of amphetamines are Adderall, Benzedrine, Dexedrine, and Vyvanse. Meth is a highly dangerous drug with a safety ratio of only Although the level of physical dependency is small, amphetamines may produce very strong psychological dependence, effectively amounting to addiction. Continued use of stimulants may result in severe psychological depression. MDMA is a very strong stimulant that very successfully prevents the reuptake of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.
In contrast to stimulants, which work to increase neural activity, a depressant acts to slow down consciousness. A depressant is a psychoactive drug that reduces the activity of the CNS. Depressants are widely used as prescription medicines to relieve pain, to lower heart rate and respiration, and as anticonvulsants. Depressants change consciousness by increasing the production of the neurotransmitter GABA and decreasing the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, usually at the level of the thalamus and the reticular formation.
The most commonly used of the depressants is alcohol , a colorless liquid, produced by the fermentation of sugar or starch, that is the intoxicating agent in fermented drinks Figure 6. Alcohol is the oldest and most widely used drug of abuse in the world. In low to moderate doses, alcohol first acts to remove social inhibitions by slowing activity in the sympathetic nervous system.
In higher doses, alcohol acts on the cerebellum to interfere with coordination and balance, producing the staggering gait of drunkenness. At high blood levels, further CNS depression leads to dizziness, nausea, and eventually a loss of consciousness. Alcohol use is highly costly to societies because so many people abuse alcohol and because judgment after drinking can be substantially impaired.
Even people who are not normally aggressive may react with aggression when they are intoxicated. Alcohol use also leads to rioting, unprotected sex, and other negative outcomes. When people are intoxicated, they become more self-focused and less aware of the social situation. As a result, they become less likely to notice the social constraints that normally prevent them from engaging aggressively, and are less likely to use those social constraints to guide them.
For instance, we might normally notice the presence of a police officer or other people around us, which would remind us that being aggressive is not appropriate.
But when we are drunk, we are less likely to be so aware. The narrowing of attention that occurs when we are intoxicated also prevents us from being cognizant of the negative outcomes of our aggression. Alcohol also influences aggression through expectations. If we expect that alcohol will make us more aggressive, then we tend to become more aggressive when we drink.
Barbiturates are depressants that are commonly prescribed as sleeping pills and painkillers. In small to moderate doses, barbiturates produce relaxation and sleepiness, but in higher doses symptoms may include sluggishness, difficulty in thinking, slowness of speech, drowsiness, faulty judgment, and eventually coma or even death Medline Plus, Related to barbiturates, benzodiazepines are a family of depressants used to treat anxiety, insomnia, seizures, and muscle spasms.
In low doses, they produce mild sedation and relieve anxiety; in high doses, they induce sleep. In the United States, benzodiazepines are among the most widely prescribed medications that affect the CNS.
Toxic inhalants are also frequently abused as depressants. These drugs are easily accessible as the vapours of glue, gasoline, propane, hairspray, and spray paint, and are inhaled to create a change in consciousness. Inhalants are some of the most dangerous recreational drugs, with a safety index below 10, and their continued use may lead to permanent brain damage. Opioids are chemicals that increase activity in opioid receptor neurons in the brain and in the digestive system, producing euphoria, analgesia, slower breathing, and constipation.
Opium is the dried juice of the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy. It may be the oldest drug on record, known to the Sumerians before BC. Morphine and heroin Figure 6. When heroin was produced a few decades later, it was also initially thought to be a more potent, less addictive painkiller but was soon found to be much more addictive than morphine.
Heroin is about twice as addictive as morphine, and creates severe tolerance, moderate physical dependence, and severe psychological dependence. The danger of heroin is demonstrated in the fact that it has the lowest safety ratio 6 of all the drugs listed in Table 6. The opioids activate the sympathetic division of the ANS, causing blood pressure and heart rate to increase, often to dangerous levels that can lead to heart attack or stroke.
At the same time the drugs also influence the parasympathetic division, leading to constipation and other negative side effects. Symptoms of opioid withdrawal include diarrhea, insomnia, restlessness, irritability, and vomiting, all accompanied by a strong craving for the drug.
The powerful psychological dependence of the opioids and the severe effects of withdrawal make it very difficult for morphine and heroin abusers to quit using.
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