The widest of the shots, this gives us the full breadth of what we are seeing. We get the characters set against a backdrop or we just a sprawling backdrop. These are used to create scope and scale as well as set tone and mood. This is one variation of the Medium Shot. Useful in the Kuleshov effect. An establishing shot is a wide shot that helps the viewer gain knowledge over the time and location of a scene.
These are shots usually in close-up that get inserted in editing to bring attention to small details and information for the audience within the scene. They often align with POV shots. The subject is shot from behind the shoulder of another, framing the shoulder, neck, and back of the head of the subject facing away from the camera.
This connects two speakers rather than the detachment of single shots. You'll commonly hear this shot referred to as an "OTS", which is simply "over the shoulder. This shot mimics what a particular character in a scene is seeing.
This puts the audience directly into the head of the character, letting them experience their emotional state. Your character steps into frame. Keep scrolling to learn more! Want to view one character at a time? How about three characters filling your screen. We could go on to the fours and fives, but you get the picture.
Yes, this applies shots and framing. This shot takes the first person point of view and allows us to see the world through the eyes of the character. It can help us see what's coming for us, who we are following, or to feel completely immersed into the world of the story. Once you decide the lens and the framing, you're going to want to figure out the angle at which the audience will view the action.
Camera angles are important because they can show different emotions and open the viewer up to certain details about the world. For most camera angles, we like to be on the same level as the character.
So their eye level. This gives us a naturalistic feel. Shots that come from a low angle give power to the objects they look at. These provide scope and scale, dominance, and can be used to make a character appear strong or in control. This is used to look down on a character or object. It can make someone feel insignificant or can lay out the pathway for what lies ahead — commonly seen in film noir. A hip-level shot is a camera angle that focuses on the characters from the waist up.
Sometimes you want to give the scale of a character without showing their full body. This medium shot helps you understand the character but also get a sense of their surroundings.
This shot takes you close to the earth for a falling boot or to give scale to the horizon. Sometimes you want to go in for a close-up, a reaction, or a walk and talk and you just want to see the top half of the character s. Sometimes the plot goes sideways. And so does the world.
Popular in film noir, thrillers, and comedies, this angle makes you feel uneasy when you view it. We can drop into the action or pull out of it. If you want to emphasize the magnitude of the story, the scale of a battle, or just sweep over an ocean, a road, or rolling hills, nothing is better than an aerial shot. Unlike the stage, filmmaking can put special emphasis on specific parts of the camera fame with focus and depth of field.
The focus, combined with the shot, framing, and angle helps to single out what the director wants the audience to know. A rack focus is the practice of changing the focus of the lens during a shot.
The term can refer to small or large changes of focus which play with the depth of field. Shallow focus is a cinematographic technique incorporating a small depth of field. In shallow focus one layer of the image is in focus while the rest is out of focus. Shallow focus is typically used to emphasize detail. Deep focus is a photographic and cinematographic technique using a large depth of field, meaning everything or almost everything is in focus.
In this extreme close-up, we see that her transformation happens quite literally. Extreme close-ups can be used in many different film genres , which includes comedy as well. Here's an ECU example:.
An establishing shot is a shot at the head of a scene that clearly shows us the location of the action. This shot often follows an aerial shot and is used to show where everything will happen. We cover a lot of shot specs in this post, but don't worry. You don't need to memorize everything in this post. If you use StudioBinder when shot listing , all these specs are listed as checkboxes for easy selection.
This allows you to focus on creativity rather than spending effort attempting to recall shot jargon or retyping acronyms times. How you choose to frame your subject will have a specific impact. How close or far your subject is to your camera — your shot size — will underscore how the audience should feel about it or them. Your subject will appear smallest in a long shot or wide shot. They will be larger in a medium shot and largest in a close-up shot. Here is a shot list with every shot size organized from wide to near :.
Read on to explore creative shot combinations. Specific camera movements matter too. Are you going to rack focus while completing a dolly move? You want to capture all these details when shot listing. For filmmakers and videographers, a major consideration for framing is the number of subjects you feature in your shots, and their physical relationship to each other and the camera.
Camera shot framing is the art and science of placing subjects in your shots. Camera shots are all about composition. Rather than pointing the camera at the subject, you need to compose an image.
Based on how you plan to position your subjects, you'll need to adjust your camerawork. You'll want to capture your framing details on a shot list well before you arrive on set.
That way you have a clear idea for the scene and can communicate your vision with ease. That's not to say that things may not change the day of the shoot. But, having a shot list at the ready showcases that the director and DP have done their homework and are well prepared.
This video is a quick rundown of all the types of shot framing , how they work, and when you might consider using them in your next project. Here is a shot list showcasing all the types of shot framing that you can download and use as a reference the next time you sit down to shot list :. Single shots can be set and framed in any shot size you like, just as long as there is only one character featured within the frame. The reason is because you can have an over-the-shoulder single, also known as a "dirty single" that technically has more than one person in the frame, but the character in the foreground isn't featured:.
A two-shot is a camera shot with two characters featured in the frame:. Two shots are often really useful for allowing performances to play out in a single take, which can be especially useful for comedy. Three shots are really important in adventure films, or really any film that has a group of characters, because it is an enormous time drain to shoot 3 singles just to show every character, not to mention jarring.
Another element of camera shots to consider is the perspective of the shot. An over-the-shoulder shot shows your subject from behind the shoulder of another character. Over-the-shoulder shots can help to provide orientation, and connect the characters on an emotional level. Here's our breakdown of the Westworld scene and how OTS shots work so effortlessly. An over-the-hip shot is similar to over-the-shoulder in that the camera is placed with a character's hip in the foreground, and the focus subject in the plane of acceptable focus.
Here's an example of an over-the-hip shot from one of the best Steven Spielberg movies Minority Report :. You'll gain a similar effect from an over-the-hip shot as you would an OTS, but if you have one character standing, and the other sitting, kneeling, or any other configuration that places the subjects on "uneven terrain" it will often suggest a power imbalance.
This is the benefit of blocking and staging your actors and camera. Now let's talk about choosing camera shots that show the point-of-view or POV of one of your characters. A POV shot is a camera shot that shows the viewer exactly what that character sees.
This transports the audience into that character and there is no more literal example of this than Being John Malkovich :. POV shots can also invoke horror , as seen in one of the best horror movies Halloween but that's just the beginning.
In this video, watch how many ways in various genres the point of view shot can be used. A point of view shot POV is generally sandwiched between two other shots, a technique called shot-reverse shot :. A point of view shot shows us exactly what the character sees, and we get to understand what's generating the character's reaction.
Cinema and television give the director an uncanny ability to control the audience's vision. You can shift and change points of view as people learn new information, move locations, or switch perspectives. Depth of field DOF is the term used to describe the size of the area in your image where objects appear acceptably sharp. The area in question is known as the field , and the size in z-space of that area is the depth of that field.
The center most point of the field is known as the point of focus. The imaginary two dimensional plane that extends from that point is known as the plane of focus. And any part of your image that falls directly on this plane is officially in focus. There are various types of camera focus to choose from, each with their own unique storytelling properties. Here's a video breakdown of each type with examples of how they enhance the visual storytelling.
Filmmakers often want to direct attention around different parts of the scene. To do this, you need to decide on the angle of shot, camera movements, and any special equipment needed to pull it off. Manipulating focus is another way of communicating with your camera shots. A rack focus is an emphasized focus pull, where the acceptable focus range is intentionally shifted from one subject to another. This is an aggressive use of focus as a story telling device:. Now, this doesn't mean that pulling focus is easy, and in fact it is much harder to maintain focus by making micro adjustments vs setting up a rack focus on a set mark.
It's just a matter of the viewer taking notice. In shallow focus shots , your subject is in crisp focus while the foreground and background scenery is out of focus. This limits your depth of field to create emphasis on your subject. In a deep focus shot , everything in your frame is in focus. This is when you need your audience to feel the scenery or particular scene elements.
A tilt-shift lens rotates perspective within the lens and emulates selective focus. It can make parts of your image appear in sharp focus while others are out of focus. This is caused by either a flaw in the lens itself or through special filters. Soft focus is perfect when filming a dream or memory — the glow around everything is both wistful and slightly unreal. A split diopter is an additional lens element that allows for two simultaneous focal lengths.
In other words, you can achieve shallow focus in the foreground AND in the background, while the middle ground remains out of focus.
This is a highly stylized shot and tends to draw attention to itself because it is "unnatural. It's not enough to just understand shot size. Camera angles, and degree of those angles, can totally change the meaning of a film shot. The camera shot angle is used to specify the location where the camera is placed to take a shot. The position of the camera in relation to the subjects can affect the way the viewer perceives the scene. A scene may be shot simultaneously from multiple camera angles to amplify the cinematic effect and the emotions.
There are many camera angles at a filmmaker's disposal and can even be combined for additional effect. Here's a rundown of every camera angle , how they work, and whey they might work best in your next shot list.
For a downloadable "cheatsheet," here is a shot list with the different types of camera shot angles :. In this section we'll cover all the different types of camera angles in film and provide you with plenty of camera angle examples:. First, consider the most common height: the eye level shot.
This mimics how we see people in real life -- our eye line connecting with theirs. Here's another eye level shot example from one of the best Tim Burton movies Alice in Wonderland :. A low angle shot frames the subject from a low camera height looking up at them.
These camera shots most often emphasize power dynamics between characters. A superior character with the upper hand is often framed from down low. This makes an inferior feel like they are looking up to them.
In a high angle shot , the camera points down at your subject. But, as the video below shows, there are creative expressions of this type of angle that can vary depending its context.
Here's an example of a high angle shot from one of the best romantic movies The Princess Bride :. Here's another hip level shot example from one of the best romantic comedies Punch-Drunk Love :. Here's another ground level shot example from one of many Stanley Kubrick's marvelous movies , Full Metal Jacket :.
Shoulder level shots are actually much more standard than an eye level shot, which can make your actor seem shorter than reality:. A pan or tilt is the most basic camera movement. A pan is when you keep the camera still and turn it to the side, while a tilt is when you move it up or down. If your camera is on a tripod, you can simply turn the tripod head to one side to acquire a different viewpoint on a subject, just as you would turn your head to one side to gain a different perspective on a scene.
For example, you can change an eye-level shot into a low-angle shot by tilting the camera up as the subject rises. Experimenting with speed while panning or tilting is also a nice idea. You can show off a room or a landscape by panning slowly from left to right for an entire minute, or you can execute a whip pan, in which the movement is so quick that it blurs. The key to a pan or tilt is that the camera does not move, giving the viewer the impression of being a spectator.
A tracking shot often moves horizontally, a dolly shot forwards or backward, and a crane shot up or down. Depending on your equipment, you can employ these movements separately or combine them to move on many axes at once. Instead of moving the camera, a zoom shot uses a zoom lens to move into or out of the frame. You can even zoom out to see a previously unseen individual or object. Random motion is utilized to add energy and excitement to a scene, especially in action scenes. For example, consider The Bourne Identity.
While random motion might help create a sense of disorientation, it can also be overpowering, leaving viewers dizzy and bewildered. These images are increasingly popular in the days of Steadicams and CGI. Still, they can be challenging to achieve on large film sets because they require hiding the personnel and equipment from view. The Matrix used a unique camera setup for its degree fight scenes, but you can also use a handheld camera or a drone.
The beauty of camera motion is that it does not have to be limited to just one axis at a time. Combining movements allows you to move in many dimensions simultaneously, resulting in more complicated images. Camera Angles are not only a part of jargon to intellectualize the process of filmmaking. They are also used to communicate the nuances and subtleties of the situation. In the film industry, a production assistant is an entry-level role.
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